2^nd International Conference on Epilepsy & Treatment October 20-21, 2016 Rome, Italy

Seizure is outlined as a transient prevalence of signs and symptoms because of synchronous neuronal activity within the brain. Neurobiology is about the study of cells and their organization into functional circuits that process information and mediate behavior of the nervous system. Semiology is giving an evidence-based guidance on what should be noted in a seizure. More than half a million people have epilepsy. About one in hundred people suffer from epilepsy. 600,000 people in the UK and 50 million worldwide.

Pathophysiology is a convergence of pathology with physiology which describes the functional changes that accompany a particular disease. This session will review the Cellular mechanisms for seizure activity, with specific attention to ion channel defects, the essential currency of Neuronal Excitability, Clinical manifestations, Apoptosis signalling pathways, Inflammatory and mTOR pathways. 

Epilepsy is also a medical condition that affects the brain. The cause is also unknown (idiopathic). There are various types of epilepsies with many different causes which include Prenatal Injuries, Hereditary and Genetic causes, Mutations, Environmental causes and also it may happen due to any Infection or Inflammation.

Around 180,000 new cases of epilepsy were found each year. In the UK, there are about 1000 operations for epilepsy conducted every year. Around five people in every 100 will have an epileptic seizure at some time in their life. Many people who develop epilepsy below the age of 20 will ‘grow out of it' in adult life.

Epilepsy Medications are mainstays in controlling epileptic seizures. People with epilepsy often experience long-term cognitive dysfunction and other neurological deficits and neurobehavioral disorders which may exhibit a progressive course correlating with worsening seizure control.

The Epilepsy Drug Market Will Increase $800 Million by 2016, Primarily Due to Uptake of Premium-Priced Third-Generation Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs), Before Leveling Off Through 2021. North America dominates the global market for epilepsy therapeutics due to increasing prevalence of epilepsy cases in the region. The market for epilepsy therapeutics in Asia is expected to experience high growth rate, followed by that in Europe over the next few years. The cost of surgical treatment is $15,581 - $27,000 per patient. About $ 13 billion worth of anti-epileptic drugs are prescribed every year in the world

Thus, novel therapies for seizures and the neurological comorbidities of epilepsy like Gene therapy, Stem Cells to the Rescue, Brain Stimulation, MicroRNA regulation, Immunotherapy are desperately needed. Our Epilepsy and Treatment conference deals with current issues in the fields of Epilepsy Research and Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Surgical procedures are another dimension in treatment. And the Ketogenic diet, Rehabilitation and the Seizure Altering Devices are also having the utmost importance. Clinical and Translational research could be new and evolving model that aims to improve patient health by accelerating basic science discoveries.

Epilepsy in women raises special reproductive and general health concerns. More than one million women and girls are living with epilepsy disorders and facing many unique challenges, from changes during the menstrual cycle which may trigger seizures to concerns regarding pregnancy. Around one in 240 children under 16 has epilepsy. Population studies have reported that the incidence of epilepsy incidence in females, at 41 cases per 100,000 person years, is less than that for males, at 49 cases per 100,000 person years.

We are committed in addressing the unique health concerns of women with epilepsy like Impact of seizures on pregnancy, Psychological Implications, Foetal biological changes in carrier and Hormonal imbalance. Children who are born to women with epilepsy have a higher risk of defects, probably related to in-utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs resulting in Newborn Abnormalities, Neonatal Convulsions and Infantile Choreoathetosis.

Epilepsy is of many types with totally different causes, symptoms, and therapies.  Epilepsy is not just one condition, it is a diverse family of disorders comprising many types of seizure. Some people have different types of seizures at different times. The present session includes Generalized Seizures, Intractable Epilepsy, Idiopathic Epilepsy, Temporal lobe Epilepsy, Refractory Epilepsy, Photosensitive and Focal Epilepsy, Rolandic Epilepsy and Childhood Epilepsy. There are more than 40 different types of seizures. In Europe, at least 6 million people have epilepsy, and 15 million Europeans will have one seizure at some time in their lives.

An Epilepsy Syndrome is outlined by a group of features commonly occurring together. These syndromes give information about types of seizures, their course, what to expect and far more. The prevalence of epilepsy in Europe is 8.2 per 1000 people. Approximately 500,000 Italians suffer from epilepsy, of which 125,000 have treatment resistant forms.

This session includes various types of seizures like Absence and Myoclonic Seizures, Tonic-clonic Seizures, Non-epileptic Seizures, along with the syndromes like Angelman Syndrome, Dravet Syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, Landau-Kleffner syndrome and West syndrome having unique combinations of symptoms.

Diagnosing epilepsy is extremely difficult. Even physicians are also able to witness a seizure rarely during the visit. It is very essential to have an exact history of the events that have previously occurred.

Every day in the UK, 87 people are diagnosed with epilepsy. The US market for EEG equipment amounted to 177 million US$ IN 2002, with long term Epilepsy monitoring accounting for 20% of the total market. The European market for refurbished MRI was estimated at 42 million US$. However, Europe is mainly considered to be a good market for refurbished equipment

Diagnostic services to detect brain abnormalities include Electroencephalogram(EEG), Functional MRI, Functional dichotomy, Multimodal imaging, Positron emission tomography, Computerized tomography (CT) scan, Single-photon emission and Computerized Tomography. Neuropsychological Tests help doctors determine which areas of your brain are affected. Next Generation Sequencing is used to analyze the genetic basis of epilepsies.

The best bet to prevent seizures associated with epilepsy is to avoid the things that can trigger your seizures and quit Alcohol and Drugs. The management of patients with epilepsy is focused on three main goals: Controlling and prevention of seizures, Avoiding side effects of treatment and Restoring Quality of life. In Italy, epilepsy centres are very much medically qualified with over 1,000 specialists in neurology who daily carry out research in the field of Epilepsy. Of total medical costs Epilepsy alone results in an estimated annual cost of $15.5 billion. In developing countries, this figure is often close to twice as high due to the higher risk of experiencing conditions which leads to permanent brain damage.

This session includes some measures like Prenatal care, Management of Stress and Relaxation, Automobile safety, Balanced diet and Exercise. The Biomarkers of Seizure onset and Epileptogenesis serve as therapeutic targets for the development of new anti-epileptogenic and anti-seizure compounds.

The impact of epilepsy is multifaceted and immeasurable. The unpredictability of seizures imposes severe restrictions on lifestyle and can inhibit patient’s social interactions. Only 52 per cent of people with epilepsy in the UK are seizure-free. It is estimated that 70 per cent could be seizure free with the right treatment. Epilepsy is covered by the Equality Act in England, Scotland and Wales, and the Disability Discrimination Act in Northern Ireland.

Epilepsy can impact Mental Health, Driving and Recreation, Education and Employment, Marital Status and Pregnancy. Epilepsy can also result in Stigmatization and social exclusion with deleterious effects on an individual's confidence and self-esteem. Moreover, the Burden of epilepsy extends on the far side the results of seizures themselves.

In chronic conditions like epilepsy, the coexistence of more than one illness in a patient is the rule rather than the exception. The incidence of neurobehavioral disorders like Neuropsychiatric conditions, Bipolar Disorders, Sleep seizures, Mood and Paroxysmal Movement Disorders is higher in patients with epilepsy than in the general population. Epilepsy is also associated with Depression, Overweight, Hemiplegia and Migraine. And Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a fatal complication of epilepsy.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 2.3 million American adults have epilepsy. More than 467,000 children have been diagnosed with the central nervous system disorder. Additionally, almost 150,000 people in the U.S. develop epilepsy every year. It is estimated that 20-30% of patients with epilepsy have psychiatric disturbances.

Many episodic phenomena involving sensory, motor, autonomic, and behavioural functions may imitate epilepsy. They may cause a symptom that looks like a seizure, but they do not show the EEG changes in the brain that are characteristic of an Epileptic seizure.

Epilepsy is misdiagnosed in 20-30% of cases: most commonly, non-epileptic conditions are incorrectly diagnosed as epilepsy. Migraines and epilepsy coexists in about 25 % of patients. The risk of psychosis in patients with epilepsy may be 6-12 times that of the general population, with a prevalence of about 7-8%. Syncope is common, with the neurally mediated syncopes having a lifetime prevalence of 40%.

Some medical conditions like Behavioural, Psychological and Psychiatric conditions, Paroxysmal Movement Disorders, Syncope and Anoxic Seizures mimic certain aspects of seizures but may not be associated with an abnormal electrical discharge in the brain. Sleep related Conditions include body rocking, jerks, rolling and head banging and Migraine associated Disorders share many clinical symptoms and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of Epilepsy. 

A case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports can also play a relevant role in medical education, providing a structure for case-based learning and may also have a role to play in guiding the personalization of treatments in clinical practice. This session includes detailed study of Epilepsy case reports based on diagnosis, therapy, medication and research.

According to the World Health Organisation, epilepsy is the world's most common serious brain disorder. According to the mid-2010 population from the Office for National Statistics, this equates to 600,000 patients with epilepsy in the UK today, and 32,000 newly treated cases each year.